Tyson Foods Inc: Coronavirus Cash Betting Pool (November 2020)

Abstract 

Tyson Foods INC is the second largest corporation that processes meat like pork, chicken and beef. The company was founded in 1935 and was based off of Arkansas.  .  

The most recent controversy in (November of 2020) that the company has been in, is that one of the managers at their meat plant location in Iowa has place a cash in betting pool amongst employees to see how many workers would get diagnosed with COVID-19. According to CNN there is allegedly one thousand positive cases for COVID, and five deaths with a total of three thousand employees at the Iowa meat plant location.  

 Out of the five deaths, one of the families decided to pursue a wrongful death lawsuit with the company. The manager at the Iowa meat plant location has also instructed supervisors to continue coming into work, despite the fact that they had symptoms of the virus. Employees also mention that they were not provided with the correct equipment, and failed to impel the act of social distancing. Employees working for this location had mentioned that they believe that the company did not care for their health as much as they should have. The CEO, Dean Banks has acknowledged these accusations and has stated that the leadership in the Iowa location does not symbolize who they are as a whole company. Dean Banks also mentioned that he plans to take action on these supervisors and have them suspended without pay, and have the Iowa meat plant location under investigation. 

Case Overview 

Tyson foods has been distributing meat throughout the United States for years, they are the second largest food processing company. They also distribute the largest percentage of meat. The company itself claims to be “meat leaders” who provide quality and convenience through their products.  The company has a revenue of about $42.4 billion with most of the profit coming from their prepared frozen foods. They have about one hundred and forty thousand employees and forty-two distribution centers.  

Case Controversy 

We are all aware of the Coronavirus pandemic, and we all know that we are told to follow specific guidelines to keep everyone safe and healthy. Especially now since there is   

another rise in positive cases for the virus. Dean Banks, the CEO of the company has promised to provide his employees with safety equipment and procedures to keep everyone employed with the company safe and healthy. Although Mr. Banks spoke about safety guidelines and regulations back in early March, one of their Meat plants in Iowa completely ignored these rules. In (November of 2020) the leadership in the Iowa meat plant location has affected the company as a whole.  

The managers at this location had placed a betting pool on how many employees would test positive for the Coronavirus. The manager at the Iowa Meat plant location goes by the name Tom Hart is the mastermind behind the cash in betting pool. Supervisors were also advised to ignore any symptoms and come into work, and did not advise safety regulations as frequent as they should. The Tyson Foods Chairman, John Tyson, and local managers Cody Brustkern and John Casey have also allegedly told other supervisors to ignore symptoms and said to them, “You have a job to do”. Various employees have spoken up about lack of care for their health. Due to the lack of safety in this meat plant location there has been one thousand positive cases and five deaths. Isidro Fernandez, an employee who worked at the Iowa Meat Plant location passed away back in April due to the lack of safety regulations, and safety equipment provided. His son had filed a wrongful death lawsuit against the company. Although Tyson Food Inc, have been in this scandal President Donald Trump has ordered the meat plants to be open due to the missing numbers of pounds of meat.  

Stakeholders 

In my case study I believe that the major stakeholder would have to be the employees that are employed at the Iowa meat plant location. The employees have been treated very unethically. Safety and health are definitely the main concerns in this time of day, and they failed to meet those expectations. There where deaths caused by these unethical actions and there definitely should be some justice. Another stakeholder in this case study would have to be the CEO of the Tyson Foods.  

Dean Banks himself is a stakeholder in this case because he did do his job by regulating and speaking out about the safety precautions that need to be done to keep everyone safe and healthy. Despite the accusations, he claims that the leadership at this location does not describe the company as a whole. Now that there are controversies and lawsuits being filed, their numbers will definitely decline.  

Individualism 

Milton Friedman is an economist, and a noble prize winner for economics. He claims that the objective for a business owner is to maximize profit for the owner and the stockholders, all while still following the law. Tibor Machan speaks about individualism and puts his input into Friedman’s ideas. He agrees that there is a need to maximize profit but he also mentions that there needs to be indirect goals that do not pertain to profit to reach maximum profit. For my case study, and Individualist would be completely against this situation. By having a manager or supervisor make a bet to see how many people can get hurt does not impact profit at all.  

The leadership at the Iowa Meat plant location did not place small safety goals for the employees to keep the work environment clean. The Iowa Meat Plant location has not only minimized profit for the company but has also been running illegal betting pools within the location. Not following safety regulations for the pandemic is also illegal and dangerous. It is illegal to not follow safety regulations in general especially in a work place that processes food. If anything, having unethical leadership that leads to unhealthy situations and death will do the opposite and minimize the profit for the company. 

Utilitarianism 

English philosopher John Stuart Mill stated, “Happiness or pleasure are the only things of instinct value, we ought to bring about happiness and pleasure in all beings capable of feeling it.”  Meaning a utilitarian would prioritize maximizing happiness for all. Looking at my case study in the eyes of a utilitarian, they would say that this case is super uncalled for and that this company has no ethical values, or morals. There is no maximizing any happiness at all. Nobody will be happy in this situation, employees are at risk for the coronavirus, loved ones have been loss, and even the managers and supervisors running the pool had their jobs suspended. There is no happiness for anyone in this case study.  

Employees are now scared to come to work, and the leaders at the Iowa meat plant location have been suspended without pay. Even the customers will not be satisfied due to the unhealthy working conditions at this location. Nobody would want to purchase their meat at a factory that had many positive cases and several deaths from the coronavirus. Also, the CEO of Tyson Foods INC has got some backlash to this case as well. He now has to deal with the aftermath of this controversy and clean up the reputation of the company. There is no maximizing anyone’s happiness in this case study.  

Kantianism 

Imannuel Kant was the founder of Kantianism, he has specific objectives that allow you to be motivated by actions that are for good will. Kantianism is mainly about making rational decisions and acting accordingly. Acting accordingly to a Kantian is respecting others, being motivated by a good cause, and doing what is right. In a Kantian’s perspective they would say that Tyson Food INC is a horrible company. The betting pool made by managers and supervisors was not motivated upon good will, it is a horrible idea. Not only was it a horrible idea but it was super disrespectful to the employees and their families. Not only is their health being on the line, but now the employees of the company are looked at as a personal profit. Kantians believe that actions that come from a good cause, is the right thing to do and is correctly motivated for the right reasons, but how do we know what is right from wrong? 

Imannuel Kant came up with three categorial imperative formulas to determine if the actions done are rational. The three categorial imperative formulas are the formula of Universal law, Humanity, and Autonomy. You can use these formulas to determine if their actions are morally right, or rational. All three of the formulas have the same outcome, and if your action passes the tests it is acceptable. The Univeral law talks about forbidding all forms of deficit, like lying or manipulation. In this situation this the leadership in the Tyson Food Iowa meat plant location used manipulation to place a betting pool, and manipulate employees to still come in despite their symptoms. The formula for Humanity is more of a concept that makes us look into ourselves for rationality. The formula for Humanity is basically deciding rationality for our own selves. This Iowa meat plant location had all these people in harm of a deadly virus. There was major harm here done to the employees and their loved ones. Also, the consumers have lost their trust and may be at risk as well.  

 The Formula for Autonomy talks about having a moral law for your own self, and that everyone can follow. So, for this case study, the managers and supervisors lied and said that they would all agree to following the safety hazards to keep everyone safe at work when really, they did not abide by the rules.  In the Case Manual by professor Salazar, in mentions “Kant used various formulations of what he called the Categorical Imperative to help people reason well. If the action fails the Categorical Imperative test, then it is impermissible and therefore wrong to do. If it passes, then the action is permissible, or acceptable to do morally.” (page 22) These actions where definitely impermissible and does not meet the criteria of the categorial imperative test.  

Virtue Theory 

According to the case manual by Professor Salazar, the virtue theory was developed by the Greek Philosopher Aristotle. This theory focuses on the characteristics of an individual whereas Kantianism, Utilitarianism, and Individualism all focus on one’s actions. A few characteristics that can help a business grow can be courage, wisdom, honesty, insight, justice, intelligence, and many more. These characteristics can also be known as vices. Vices are the traits of a specific person. There are also bad vices or characteristics that can impact the company as a whole. For instance, my case study has vices that are dishonest, selfish, irresponsible and greed. The managers are greedy and selfish for trying to make money off of sick people and lost loved ones. Making money to maximize their own personal happiness while others are in danger is clearly selfish and greedy. These employees who risk their lives to work also need some source of income, and they should not be afraid to come and work. Tyson food INC is irresponsible for hiring leaders that obviously do not know how to be a leader. The supervisors and managers at the Iowa location are super irresponsible for letting innocent employees become positive for a deadly virus, and even death of some of their employees.  

They also where very dishonest with their employees and customers. One major vice that one should have is trustworthiness. You need to be trustworthy to be trusted, and lying about following safety hazards has caused people in harm and even death. They claim to be following safety guidelines and to take precaution when really employees were told to come into work despite them having coronavirus symptoms, which leads to dishonesty. There are also no justified actions being done, there needs to be justice within a company. Having justice within a business means that there is hard work being done, quality products, good ideas, and fair practices. At the Iowa meat plant location there was lack of good ideas and fair practice. It is never a good idea to put employees at risk of their health and safety especially for personal profit, that is not at all a fair practice. Although I cannot say that these employees do not work hard at this location, I can say that the quality of the products are now going to be overlooked due to the dishonesty.  

Justified Ethics Evaluation 

After analyzing my case and reviewing the case with the theories that where mentioned, I come to the conclusion that Tyson Food Inc has not been as ethical as they should be. The employees at the Iowa Meat Plant location have been treated very badly, and have been disrespected and put in danger for a deadly virus. The leadership at the location have been dishonest, irresponsible and selfish. They should be taking action on safety regulations now more than ever. Not only did they put their employees at risk, but they put their employee’s family, consumers, and the company as a whole in a risky situation. The unethical actions that have taken place at this location have caused people to get sick, and even death. As the company as a whole the revenue for the company will decline and they will have a hard time coming back from this, they need to make a plan to gain profit.  

Company Action Plan 

Tyson Food INC has been around for years, they were founded in 1935 so the company is definitely successful. This recent controversy and lawsuit can cause a bad reputation, but I believe that they can come back from this. The issue is that Tyson Food Inc now has to have redemption from not having safety regulations, and mistreating their employees and putting them in danger. Having a betting pool that puts employees’ health at risk is not only illegal but unethical. As mentioned, Mr. Banks, the CEO of the company has said that the leadership at this location does not define the company as a whole. I believe that they should take a closer look at people who are actually being hired and moving up in the company. Tyson Food INC should also market that they are being safer and following healthy guidelines. They need to have employee and consumer safety, responsibility, and be more cautious with the healthy regulations to be redeemed. I also think that they should be checking in on their locations more frequently than before because of the pandemic. The company should have meetings to clearly discuss safety regulations, and be trained on how to proceed with the new protocols. By making sure that they are hiring trustworthy employees they need to make sure that their leadership is trustworthy as well. As Tyson Food INC controversy came out, they need to create more marketing to showcase how they will be safety processing food for consumers, all while keeping the employees safe and clean.  

At the Iowa Meat Plant location, they should shut down for two weeks, and clean out the area before allowing employees to come back to this site. When they reopen, they must do temperature check ins and have employees be tested for the virus. Nobody should have paranoia coming into work. Human Resources for the company should be stricter about working conditions and making sure that everyone is following safety guidelines. To gain profit after this controversy, Tyson Foods INC show be showing their customers that they are doing the best that they can to keep their work environment clean.  Leadership needs to be stricter about guidelines and safety regulations now more than ever.  

Work Cited 

“What We Do.” Tyson Foods, www.tysonfoods.com/who-we-are/our-story/what-we-do. 

Wiener-Bronner, Danielle. “Managers at Tyson Meat Plant Had Betting Pool on How Many Workers Would Get Covid, Lawsuit Alleges.” CNN, Cable News Network, 19 Nov. 2020, www.cnn.com/2020/11/19/business/tyson-coronavirus-lawsuit/index.html. 

Romo, Vanessa. “Tyson Managers Suspended After Allegedly Betting If Workers Would Contract COVID.” NPR, NPR, 20 Nov. 2020, www.npr.org/2020/11/19/936905707/tyson-managers-suspended-after-allegedly-betting-if-workers-would-contract-covid. 

Salazar, Heather. The Case Manual. 2014. 

“Tyson Food Managers Bet on Workers Getting Covid-19, Lawsuit Says.” BBC News, BBC, 19 Nov. 2020, www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-55009228. 

CEO of Tyson Food INC Dean Banks

Employees at Tyson Iowa Meat Plant Location

Tyson Foods INC Iowa Meat Plant location 

Pilgrim Pride: Price Fixing Agreement (October 2020)

Pilgrim Pride Price Fixing Agreement (October 2020)

 

 

         Pilgrim Pride Corporation is an American, multinational food company that is currently one of the largest chicken producers in the United States.

         The company has recently struck a plea deal with the Department of Justice because of a long-lasting price fixing scandal. Pilgrim Pride is set to paying $110.5 million in penalty for restraining competition in three separate contracts with the U.S. customer. The company's President and CEO, Jayson Penn, and former Vice President, Roger Austin are the two at the company for leading the price fixing efforts. Penn and Austin were also communicating with other big poultry distributors like Tyson Foods to do the same thing. Pilgrim Pride is one of the biggest poultry distributors in the world with 54,000 employees and 36 production facilities in the United States and abroad.

         This paper will look at ethical theories like Individualism, Utilitarianism, Kantianism, and Virtue theories. Based on those ethical theories, in each case you can evaluate if Pilgrim Pride could be considered ethical or unethical.

           

Pilgrim Pride poultry factory 

Pilgrim’s Pride Corporation has reached a plea agreement with the U.S. government over charges of price-fixing in the chicken industry. Pilgrim Pride is set to paying $110.5 million in penalty for restraining competition in three separate contracts with the U.S. customer. Price fixing is an agreement written or verbal among competitors that raise, lower or stabilize prices in each market. It also disrupts the basic rule of supply and demand. It gives monopolies like Pilgrim Pride and Tyson Food an edge over smaller competitors. In most cases they impose higher prices on customers, reduce incentives to innovate and raise barriers to entry in the poultry industry. In this case Pilgrim Pride was intentionally raising prices in order to maximize profits.  Pilgrim Pride is one of the biggest poultry distributors in the world with 54,000 employees and 36 production facilities in the United States and abroad. Pilgrim Pride says they process one in every five chickens in the U.S. The United States government has charged two of Pilgrim prides highest ranking officials: Pilgrim Prides President and CEO Jayson Penn and former vice president Roger Austin. If found guilty of these charges the two could face up to 10 years in prison and fines up to $1,000,000. The government is charging the two with conspiring to fix prices and bids for broiler chickens from at least 2012 to 2017. Both have pleaded not guilty and are awaiting trial. The charges area among first in a long running investigation into price fixing in the poultry industry. In later weeks, a Federal Grand Jury in Colorado indicted six more employees at different chicken suppliers on price fixing charges as well. All together 10 different employees from major chicken suppliers are being charged for price fixing. One of Pilgrim Prides biggest competitors, Tyson Foods, are also facing charges of price fixing and are cooperating with the United States government as well. Almost 40 lawsuits have been filed by grocers and restaurants and others alleging price fixing in the chicken industry. One lawsuit by Mapleview Farms in New York states the big chicken producers shared information through a third-party data firm and restricted supply by destroying breeder hens on many different occasions. In result because of the lawsuits against these chicken industry giants, Tyson Foods dropped 4% and Pilgrim Prides 12%.   

        

Pilgrim Pride CEO and President Jayson Penn 

A stakeholder of the price fixing scandal is Pilgrim Pride’s investors. The reason the investors are stakeholders is because they invested in the company’s stock and because of the scandal the stock has dropped. Some owners of Pilgrim Pride stock that are negatively being affected because of the price fixing scandal are The Vanguard Group, LSV Asset Management, Blackrock Funds Advisor, etc. Another stakeholder in the company’s scandal are the customers. They are stakeholders because with Pilgrim Pride and other big poultry companies intentionally raising prices of chicken to benefit themselves it is costing the customer more money out of their pocket. Another stakeholder in the case are the suppliers of Pilgrim Pride products. With Pilgrim Pride raising the prices they are spending more money on the product and that affects the price in the store. The last stakeholder of the scandal was Pilgrim Pride as a company. The CEO and Vice President at Pilgrim Pride lost their jobs because of this price fixing scandal. The company’s image is also affected because they can be seen as a company that doesn’t care about their customers and suppliers of their product and only care about making the most money possible.

 

         There are two different theories of individualism. One was founded by Milton Friedman.  He believed that Individualists main goal is that a business’s only goal is to maximize direct profit. Friedman also believed that giving away goods and services is considered stealing from the business. There were also some objections to Friedman’s theory. One was that investors might not invest in a company that might lack in a socially responsible workplace. Another objection was that the motivation of customers and employees to work for a socially responsible business, working for a cause, might be lower to another business that isn’t run like Friedman. Then, there was Machan’s theory about individualism. He also believed that a business direct goal was to profit but that goal might be met by indirect goals not aimed at profiting. He knew that businesspeople have different goals in mind, but you had to keep in mind the bottom line.

         I would that Pilgrim Pride followed Milton Friedman’s approach of individualism. When Pilgrim Pride was intentionally destroying chicken breeder hens, they were also raising the prices of their products. They wanted it to look like the quantity of poultry was getting more scares and would give them a good reason to raise prices. In their cases they were intentionally destroying their chicken breeder hens in order to raise prices and maximize their profit. They didn’t care about if investors thought they were morally responsible, and they didn’t care if they were working for a cause. There were also no indirect goals that were not aimed at profiting. Pilgrim Pride just wanted to make a profit and stopped at nothing in order to do so.

            Utilitarianism is all about maximizing overall happiness in a situation. Utilitarianist also believe that good and bad acts are determined by consequences. Utilitarianism is a complete theory because it maximizes happiness in yourself and others but also has some self-sacrifices. With utilitarianism comes the principle of utility: We ought to bring about happiness and pleasure in all human beings capable of feeling it. All things should matter and your happiness and others should be weighed in when deciding. There were also some objections to utilitarianism. One being happiness is difficult to measure. Another one is that individual freedoms matter too, not just overall happiness. Lastly, that there are some things that we should do that don’t promote overall happiness. Utilitarianism is a complete theory, but it really is hard to make everyone happy with your choices.

         Pilgrim Pride wasn’t really maximizing overall happiness but in some way they were. Pilgrim Pride was not making their customers happy because the prices were going up. They were also not maximizing happiness because the government did not like how they were intentionally starting a monopoly in the poultry industry. They were also not maximizing happiness with the chicken because they were intentionally destroying breeder hens. One could argue, in most cases, because of price fixing the consumer is getting a better product. With Pilgrim Pride destroying breeder hens they are freeing up much needed room in these giant chicken coupes that are already stuffed with chickens. This ultimately could lead to a healthier chicken and a better product for the consumer of Pilgrim Pride products. So, to maximize happiness is tough here because with the price fixing the prices were going up and that was upsetting the government and the chicken because they were intentionally destroying breeder hens. But one could argue that because they were price fixing the chickens that were in the coupes have a happier and healthier life and that can lead to a better product. Either way, to maximize happiness in this case is hard because I don’t think all parties can be happy.

         The basic principles of Kantianism are that you should ask rationally. Don’t act inconsistently in your own actions or consider yourself exempt from the rules. You should also allow and help people to make rational decisions. You should respect people, their autonomy, and individual needs and differences. Lastly, be motivated to do what is right because it is right. With Kantianism comes the formula of humanity. The formula of humanity states that you should act in such a way that you treat humanity, whether in your own person or in the person of another, always at the same time as an end and never simply as a mere means. What it means by saying,” mere means,” is that you should never use someone for just the benefit of yourself.

         In Pilgrim Pride’s cases they weren’t following Kantianism at all. They were using the customers as a means and not an end. With the price fixing scandal, the prices of Pilgrims Pride products went up. Poultry is a relatively cheap source of protein compared to steak, fish, or lamb but not anymore because of the price fixing scandal. They thought that raising the prices a little would not matter because it still was a cheap protein compared to others, but it was the money the customer could have used on something else. Pilgrim Pride was also using the grocery stores as a mere means. Because Pilgrim Pride was raising their prices it also led to the grocery stores rising their prices so they could still make a profit as well. With the prices rising in the store the customers were probably mad because they once got the same product at a cheaper price and at the same store. So, the grocery stores that supplied the Pilgrim Pride products could have lost customers because of the increasing prices due to the price fixing.

         According to Alexandre Harvard in order to be a virtuous leader there are certain virtues you must have in order to be successful. These are known as the cardinal virtues. The first cardinal virtue is Prudence. Prudence is the ability to discern the appropriate course of action to be taken in each situation at the appropriate time. The next one is Fortitude and that is the ability to confront fear and uncertainty. The third one is Temperance. Temperance is known as having control and being able to restrain. Next, is Justice and that is being fair. Lastly, most may add is honesty and that is the ability to tell the truth and never lie. All these virtues must be followed together, like a hinge, without one you can’t be a virtuous leader. With these cardinal virtues one must also be magnanimous. This is the idea of being generous and always looking out for everyone.

         I don’t think Jayson Penn ever followed any of these virtues when he was the President and CEO at Pilgrim Pride and that eventually led to his downfall. In order to be prudent, you must do the right thing and by purposely destroying breeder hens is not doing the right thing. He wanted to make it look like the supply of poultry was going down so the company could charge more and maximize profits at all costs. He even conspired with other companies to do the same in order to gradually increase prices and affect the whole poultry market. If Penn was following the temperance rule, he would have restrained to fixing the prices and left them how they were. Instead, he wanted the company to make more money and change the prices in the poultry market. Penn wasn’t following justice and the ability to be fair. He didn’t care how much his products cost because he knew that Pilgrim Pride was one of the largest poultry suppliers in the world. He wanted to make as much money he could and stopped at no means to do so. I would say it is safe to say that Jayson Penn never followed any of these virtues when he was at Pilgrim Pride and these contributed to his downfall as a leader.

         In this case, with Pilgrim Pride price fixing I would say that the company was being unethical. I say that because they were intentionally raising the prices of their products but also throughout the poultry market conspiring with other companies to follow. That is all they wanted to do is maximize their profits. One could argue that with price fixing the customer is getting a better product but there are ethical ways of being able to produce a better product. Pilgrim Pride could make the coupes bigger and the chickens would be healthier and of better quality and then they could charge more for their product. But instead they destroyed breeder hens to make chicken more scares and ultimately charge more money.  So, with all this said, Pilgrim Pride was not being ethical by fixing the prices in the poultry industry.

         Pilgrim Pride has recently been accused of price fixing in the poultry industry. There were intentionally destroying breeder hens to be able to charge more for their products. Pilgrim Pride was also having talks with other poultry giants like Tyson Foods to do the same. The company did let go of the President and Vice President that were behind this so they can start fresh with new management. They could fix this problem by apologizing to the grocery stores that supplied their product and the customer. For the customer, they should put a coupon on their products so they can save some money on Pilgrim Pride products after being charged more in the past. For the grocery store, Pilgrim Pride should charge less for the stores to buy their products because of how the price fixing affected the image of their store. They should give the grocery stores a good deal after being charged more to supply Pilgrim Pride products in the store. In order to maximize profits they can have fair prices compared to competitors and that can raise sales. Pilgrim Pride should be known as striving to be the best managed and respected company in the poultry industry by valuing the customers and suppliers of their products. This differs from their mission statement because it talks about being the highest quality poultry distributor in the world but doesn’t talk about valuing their customers and suppliers. The new mission statement makes sure the company is being managed properly and ensures that they value the customers and suppliers. The core values of the Pilgrim pride should be customer satisfaction, supplier satisfaction, and integrity. To ensure ethical monitoring the company could meet with the employees and change policies to ensure that the destruction of the breeder hens was wrong and make sure it doesn’t happen again. Pilgrim Pride should now be marketed as the cheapest and highest quality product in the poultry industry. They should make prices lower but still be able to make money and ensure happiness from their suppliers and customers.    

          

 

          

             

           

  REFERENCES

Bunge, Jacob, and Brent Kendall. “WSJ News Exclusive | Pilgrim's Pride Reaches Plea Deal With Justice Department on Chicken Price-Fixing Allegations.” The Wall Street Journal, Dow Jones & Company, 14 Oct. 2020, www.wsj.com/articles/pilgrim-s-pride-reaches-plea-agreement-with-justice-department-on-chicken-price-fixing-allegations-11602649655.

McLean, Rob. “Pilgrim's Pride to Pay More than $110 Million to Settle Chicken Price-Fixing Charges.” CNN, Cable News Network, 14 Oct. 2020, www.cnn.com/2020/10/14/business/pilgrims-pride-doj-plea/index.html.

Nelson, Eshe, and Carlos Tejada. “Pilgrim's Pride to Pay $110 Million to Settle Charges of Fixing Chicken Prices.” The New York Times, The New York Times, 14 Oct. 2020, www.nytimes.com/2020/10/14/business/pilgrims-pride-price-fixing.html.

 Nosowitz, Dan. “Pilgrim's Pride Will Pay $110 Million Settlement in Chicken Price-Fixing Case.” Modern Farmer, 21 Oct. 2020, modernfarmer.com/2020/10/pilgrims-pride-will-pay-110-million-settlement-in-chicken-price-fixing-case/.

Press, Associated. “Pilgrim's Pride Reaches Plea Deal over Chicken Price-Fixing.” New York Post, New York Post, 14 Oct. 2020, nypost.com/2020/10/14/pilgrims-pride-reaches-plea-deal-over-chicken-price-fixing/.