Tyson Foods Inc: Coronavirus Cash Betting Pool (November 2020)

Abstract 

Tyson Foods INC is the second largest corporation that processes meat like pork, chicken and beef. The company was founded in 1935 and was based off of Arkansas.  .  

The most recent controversy in (November of 2020) that the company has been in, is that one of the managers at their meat plant location in Iowa has place a cash in betting pool amongst employees to see how many workers would get diagnosed with COVID-19. According to CNN there is allegedly one thousand positive cases for COVID, and five deaths with a total of three thousand employees at the Iowa meat plant location.  

 Out of the five deaths, one of the families decided to pursue a wrongful death lawsuit with the company. The manager at the Iowa meat plant location has also instructed supervisors to continue coming into work, despite the fact that they had symptoms of the virus. Employees also mention that they were not provided with the correct equipment, and failed to impel the act of social distancing. Employees working for this location had mentioned that they believe that the company did not care for their health as much as they should have. The CEO, Dean Banks has acknowledged these accusations and has stated that the leadership in the Iowa location does not symbolize who they are as a whole company. Dean Banks also mentioned that he plans to take action on these supervisors and have them suspended without pay, and have the Iowa meat plant location under investigation. 

Case Overview 

Tyson foods has been distributing meat throughout the United States for years, they are the second largest food processing company. They also distribute the largest percentage of meat. The company itself claims to be “meat leaders” who provide quality and convenience through their products.  The company has a revenue of about $42.4 billion with most of the profit coming from their prepared frozen foods. They have about one hundred and forty thousand employees and forty-two distribution centers.  

Case Controversy 

We are all aware of the Coronavirus pandemic, and we all know that we are told to follow specific guidelines to keep everyone safe and healthy. Especially now since there is   

another rise in positive cases for the virus. Dean Banks, the CEO of the company has promised to provide his employees with safety equipment and procedures to keep everyone employed with the company safe and healthy. Although Mr. Banks spoke about safety guidelines and regulations back in early March, one of their Meat plants in Iowa completely ignored these rules. In (November of 2020) the leadership in the Iowa meat plant location has affected the company as a whole.  

The managers at this location had placed a betting pool on how many employees would test positive for the Coronavirus. The manager at the Iowa Meat plant location goes by the name Tom Hart is the mastermind behind the cash in betting pool. Supervisors were also advised to ignore any symptoms and come into work, and did not advise safety regulations as frequent as they should. The Tyson Foods Chairman, John Tyson, and local managers Cody Brustkern and John Casey have also allegedly told other supervisors to ignore symptoms and said to them, “You have a job to do”. Various employees have spoken up about lack of care for their health. Due to the lack of safety in this meat plant location there has been one thousand positive cases and five deaths. Isidro Fernandez, an employee who worked at the Iowa Meat Plant location passed away back in April due to the lack of safety regulations, and safety equipment provided. His son had filed a wrongful death lawsuit against the company. Although Tyson Food Inc, have been in this scandal President Donald Trump has ordered the meat plants to be open due to the missing numbers of pounds of meat.  

Stakeholders 

In my case study I believe that the major stakeholder would have to be the employees that are employed at the Iowa meat plant location. The employees have been treated very unethically. Safety and health are definitely the main concerns in this time of day, and they failed to meet those expectations. There where deaths caused by these unethical actions and there definitely should be some justice. Another stakeholder in this case study would have to be the CEO of the Tyson Foods.  

Dean Banks himself is a stakeholder in this case because he did do his job by regulating and speaking out about the safety precautions that need to be done to keep everyone safe and healthy. Despite the accusations, he claims that the leadership at this location does not describe the company as a whole. Now that there are controversies and lawsuits being filed, their numbers will definitely decline.  

Individualism 

Milton Friedman is an economist, and a noble prize winner for economics. He claims that the objective for a business owner is to maximize profit for the owner and the stockholders, all while still following the law. Tibor Machan speaks about individualism and puts his input into Friedman’s ideas. He agrees that there is a need to maximize profit but he also mentions that there needs to be indirect goals that do not pertain to profit to reach maximum profit. For my case study, and Individualist would be completely against this situation. By having a manager or supervisor make a bet to see how many people can get hurt does not impact profit at all.  

The leadership at the Iowa Meat plant location did not place small safety goals for the employees to keep the work environment clean. The Iowa Meat Plant location has not only minimized profit for the company but has also been running illegal betting pools within the location. Not following safety regulations for the pandemic is also illegal and dangerous. It is illegal to not follow safety regulations in general especially in a work place that processes food. If anything, having unethical leadership that leads to unhealthy situations and death will do the opposite and minimize the profit for the company. 

Utilitarianism 

English philosopher John Stuart Mill stated, “Happiness or pleasure are the only things of instinct value, we ought to bring about happiness and pleasure in all beings capable of feeling it.”  Meaning a utilitarian would prioritize maximizing happiness for all. Looking at my case study in the eyes of a utilitarian, they would say that this case is super uncalled for and that this company has no ethical values, or morals. There is no maximizing any happiness at all. Nobody will be happy in this situation, employees are at risk for the coronavirus, loved ones have been loss, and even the managers and supervisors running the pool had their jobs suspended. There is no happiness for anyone in this case study.  

Employees are now scared to come to work, and the leaders at the Iowa meat plant location have been suspended without pay. Even the customers will not be satisfied due to the unhealthy working conditions at this location. Nobody would want to purchase their meat at a factory that had many positive cases and several deaths from the coronavirus. Also, the CEO of Tyson Foods INC has got some backlash to this case as well. He now has to deal with the aftermath of this controversy and clean up the reputation of the company. There is no maximizing anyone’s happiness in this case study.  

Kantianism 

Imannuel Kant was the founder of Kantianism, he has specific objectives that allow you to be motivated by actions that are for good will. Kantianism is mainly about making rational decisions and acting accordingly. Acting accordingly to a Kantian is respecting others, being motivated by a good cause, and doing what is right. In a Kantian’s perspective they would say that Tyson Food INC is a horrible company. The betting pool made by managers and supervisors was not motivated upon good will, it is a horrible idea. Not only was it a horrible idea but it was super disrespectful to the employees and their families. Not only is their health being on the line, but now the employees of the company are looked at as a personal profit. Kantians believe that actions that come from a good cause, is the right thing to do and is correctly motivated for the right reasons, but how do we know what is right from wrong? 

Imannuel Kant came up with three categorial imperative formulas to determine if the actions done are rational. The three categorial imperative formulas are the formula of Universal law, Humanity, and Autonomy. You can use these formulas to determine if their actions are morally right, or rational. All three of the formulas have the same outcome, and if your action passes the tests it is acceptable. The Univeral law talks about forbidding all forms of deficit, like lying or manipulation. In this situation this the leadership in the Tyson Food Iowa meat plant location used manipulation to place a betting pool, and manipulate employees to still come in despite their symptoms. The formula for Humanity is more of a concept that makes us look into ourselves for rationality. The formula for Humanity is basically deciding rationality for our own selves. This Iowa meat plant location had all these people in harm of a deadly virus. There was major harm here done to the employees and their loved ones. Also, the consumers have lost their trust and may be at risk as well.  

 The Formula for Autonomy talks about having a moral law for your own self, and that everyone can follow. So, for this case study, the managers and supervisors lied and said that they would all agree to following the safety hazards to keep everyone safe at work when really, they did not abide by the rules.  In the Case Manual by professor Salazar, in mentions “Kant used various formulations of what he called the Categorical Imperative to help people reason well. If the action fails the Categorical Imperative test, then it is impermissible and therefore wrong to do. If it passes, then the action is permissible, or acceptable to do morally.” (page 22) These actions where definitely impermissible and does not meet the criteria of the categorial imperative test.  

Virtue Theory 

According to the case manual by Professor Salazar, the virtue theory was developed by the Greek Philosopher Aristotle. This theory focuses on the characteristics of an individual whereas Kantianism, Utilitarianism, and Individualism all focus on one’s actions. A few characteristics that can help a business grow can be courage, wisdom, honesty, insight, justice, intelligence, and many more. These characteristics can also be known as vices. Vices are the traits of a specific person. There are also bad vices or characteristics that can impact the company as a whole. For instance, my case study has vices that are dishonest, selfish, irresponsible and greed. The managers are greedy and selfish for trying to make money off of sick people and lost loved ones. Making money to maximize their own personal happiness while others are in danger is clearly selfish and greedy. These employees who risk their lives to work also need some source of income, and they should not be afraid to come and work. Tyson food INC is irresponsible for hiring leaders that obviously do not know how to be a leader. The supervisors and managers at the Iowa location are super irresponsible for letting innocent employees become positive for a deadly virus, and even death of some of their employees.  

They also where very dishonest with their employees and customers. One major vice that one should have is trustworthiness. You need to be trustworthy to be trusted, and lying about following safety hazards has caused people in harm and even death. They claim to be following safety guidelines and to take precaution when really employees were told to come into work despite them having coronavirus symptoms, which leads to dishonesty. There are also no justified actions being done, there needs to be justice within a company. Having justice within a business means that there is hard work being done, quality products, good ideas, and fair practices. At the Iowa meat plant location there was lack of good ideas and fair practice. It is never a good idea to put employees at risk of their health and safety especially for personal profit, that is not at all a fair practice. Although I cannot say that these employees do not work hard at this location, I can say that the quality of the products are now going to be overlooked due to the dishonesty.  

Justified Ethics Evaluation 

After analyzing my case and reviewing the case with the theories that where mentioned, I come to the conclusion that Tyson Food Inc has not been as ethical as they should be. The employees at the Iowa Meat Plant location have been treated very badly, and have been disrespected and put in danger for a deadly virus. The leadership at the location have been dishonest, irresponsible and selfish. They should be taking action on safety regulations now more than ever. Not only did they put their employees at risk, but they put their employee’s family, consumers, and the company as a whole in a risky situation. The unethical actions that have taken place at this location have caused people to get sick, and even death. As the company as a whole the revenue for the company will decline and they will have a hard time coming back from this, they need to make a plan to gain profit.  

Company Action Plan 

Tyson Food INC has been around for years, they were founded in 1935 so the company is definitely successful. This recent controversy and lawsuit can cause a bad reputation, but I believe that they can come back from this. The issue is that Tyson Food Inc now has to have redemption from not having safety regulations, and mistreating their employees and putting them in danger. Having a betting pool that puts employees’ health at risk is not only illegal but unethical. As mentioned, Mr. Banks, the CEO of the company has said that the leadership at this location does not define the company as a whole. I believe that they should take a closer look at people who are actually being hired and moving up in the company. Tyson Food INC should also market that they are being safer and following healthy guidelines. They need to have employee and consumer safety, responsibility, and be more cautious with the healthy regulations to be redeemed. I also think that they should be checking in on their locations more frequently than before because of the pandemic. The company should have meetings to clearly discuss safety regulations, and be trained on how to proceed with the new protocols. By making sure that they are hiring trustworthy employees they need to make sure that their leadership is trustworthy as well. As Tyson Food INC controversy came out, they need to create more marketing to showcase how they will be safety processing food for consumers, all while keeping the employees safe and clean.  

At the Iowa Meat Plant location, they should shut down for two weeks, and clean out the area before allowing employees to come back to this site. When they reopen, they must do temperature check ins and have employees be tested for the virus. Nobody should have paranoia coming into work. Human Resources for the company should be stricter about working conditions and making sure that everyone is following safety guidelines. To gain profit after this controversy, Tyson Foods INC show be showing their customers that they are doing the best that they can to keep their work environment clean.  Leadership needs to be stricter about guidelines and safety regulations now more than ever.  

Work Cited 

“What We Do.” Tyson Foods, www.tysonfoods.com/who-we-are/our-story/what-we-do. 

Wiener-Bronner, Danielle. “Managers at Tyson Meat Plant Had Betting Pool on How Many Workers Would Get Covid, Lawsuit Alleges.” CNN, Cable News Network, 19 Nov. 2020, www.cnn.com/2020/11/19/business/tyson-coronavirus-lawsuit/index.html. 

Romo, Vanessa. “Tyson Managers Suspended After Allegedly Betting If Workers Would Contract COVID.” NPR, NPR, 20 Nov. 2020, www.npr.org/2020/11/19/936905707/tyson-managers-suspended-after-allegedly-betting-if-workers-would-contract-covid. 

Salazar, Heather. The Case Manual. 2014. 

“Tyson Food Managers Bet on Workers Getting Covid-19, Lawsuit Says.” BBC News, BBC, 19 Nov. 2020, www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-55009228. 

CEO of Tyson Food INC Dean Banks

Employees at Tyson Iowa Meat Plant Location

Tyson Foods INC Iowa Meat Plant location 

Facebook Controversy on Misleading Information Regarding the Election (2016-2020)

Facebook Taking Action Against Misinformation and Fixing Past Mistakes 

    Facebook, created and developed by Mark Zuckerberg in 2004 in Cambridge, Massachusetts, has become one of the world’s biggest social media giants. However, exceptional growth does not come without backlash. Over the years, Facebook has had many lawsuits and allegations pressed against them and how they continue to operate within the world of social networking, social media, and the vast spread of news information. When it comes to the United States specifically, the comprehensive, widespread news of false information regarding the elections has taken a toll on the company's ethics and standing. This specifically happened during the 2016 election regarding the Cambridge Analytica scandal regarding Facebook’s policy to protect its data. Facebook has the ability with its algorithms and data knowledge of users to know almost everything about them. Since more of this has come to face over the years through documentaries and new articles, more people have begun to notice the effects. Once the realization was brought to light during the 2016 election, Facebook eventually admitted to its wrongs and decided to step up the data protection and how things would move forward when it came to the next election. They had published an article regarding how they plan to do this, which developed a whole new mainframe regarding the election. They even opened “The Elections Operations Center” to oversee the postings and add the additions to each post concerning the election. Overall there are still some flaws within the system they created, and some things can pass by. Even with those flaws, Facebook always does its best to provide everyone with an equal opportunity for the election, and they are continuing to stop the spread of misinformation.

Case Controversy 

    Facebook, one of the major social media giants, has had some backlash over the years regarding how it handles the United States elections. This controversy majorly stemmed from the 2016 United States Elections, where everyone was caught off guard regarding information put out onto social media. At the same time, all social media networks and applications continue to grow. Facebook continues to grow heavily throughout the years, reaching over “223.03 million users” (Clement, J.)  only in the United States. The main issue brought to light is how do you manage what over 233.03 million users are doing every millisecond of the day? Individuals are posting, sharing, watching videos that are sometimes live, and liking posts, especially when it comes to such a sensitive topic as the election.

Timeline of Facebook's Events

    While there have been issues within the past with Facebook and another company Cambridge Analytica back during the 2016 elections, they did admit to their wrongdoings. They were adamant about correcting their mistakes from the past. The overview of the scandal back in 2016 was that Facebook was that the personal data of Facebook users was breached and violated by consumers. According to the Federal Trade Commission, “Facebook, Inc. will pay a record-breaking $5 billion penalty, and submit to new restrictions and a modified corporate structure that will hold the company accountable for the decisions it makes about its users’ privacy” (FTC) The fine was paid, and this is when Facebook set out to fix the wrongdoings in from the past. While there's always work to do and constant challenges present themselves with the evolving world, it has been proven through Facebook's efforts that they are trying to do what they believe is best for the individuals who use the platform. While also protecting the first amendment rights of Americans. The issue is shutting down the false information presented and determining whether it is indeed false or not. 

    Amongst all the other social media applications such as Twitter and Snapchat, Facebook is the only one that has put together a comprehensive plan across the applications it owns. Facebook also owns Instagram, so it is not listed as a different social media application above. Facebook developed a very in-depth comprehensive plan for the 2020 election, including but not limited to the displaying of information labels on posts about the election. Facebook stated, “In 2018, we launched our Elections Operations Center ahead of the US midterm elections…Through it, we bring together subject matter experts from across the company – including from our threat intelligence, data science, engineering, research, operations and legal teams – for real-time monitoring so that we can address potential abuse flowing across our network.” (Rosen, Guy)

Preview of what Facebook/ Instagram users saw during the 2020 Election.

This was proven during the few before the 2020 election; the warnings were posted on any posts pertaining to the election. Even during the election, Facebook and Instagram provided continuous updates, even before the news did. Please see the figures above and below for how this is displayed on their applications. Facebook has proven that it is trying to reduce the misinformation that can present itself within an election period. 

Preview of what Facebook/ Instagram users saw during the 2020 Election. 

    However, when it comes to this controversy’s opposing side, a recent CNN article spoke to how some misinformation is still presented. This article is based on activist researchers, claiming that “Facebook has failed to act on hundreds of posts that racked up millions of impressions and contain claims that the social media giant has previously identified as false or misleading.” (Fung, Brian) They claimed that these posts included false claims and information regarding President Donald Trump and the past Vice President Joe Biden. However, Facebook’s Guy Rosen, the VP of Integrity did refute this statement by saying that, “We remain the only company to partner with more than 70 fact-checking organizations, using AI to scale their fact-checks to millions of duplicate posts, and we are working to improve our ability to action on similar posts...There is no playbook for a program like ours, and we're constantly working to improve it.” (Fung, Brian) While Facebook does have a solid argument that they are one of the only companies to do this, they are still being questioned and pushed against in the media’s eyes. 

    Even without the election in general, Facebook has put up more priorities regarding false information.

Preview of what a Facebook/ Instagram user will see if they come across a post including false information.
Through an article published by Facebook by a few of its higher-up officials, they have stated numerous times how they plan to prevent the wrong information from being posted. The pictures show an example when a post includes incorrect information. In addition to the warning labels Facebook, “ For example, we reduce its distribution so fewer people see it — on Instagram, we remove it from Explore and hashtags, and on Facebook, we reduce its distribution in News Feed.” (Rosen, Guy, et al.) This is just another way that Facebook is working to protect its users, along with all of the other attributes mentioned before. 

Preview of what a Facebook/ Instagram user will see when they click on a post with false information.

Stakeholders

    The stakeholders in this controversy are individuals who use Facebook; they represent many stakeholders since there are 233.03 million users in the United States. The employees of Facebook, the stockholders, and CEO Mark Zuckerberg. It would also directly affect Erin Egan, the Chief Privacy Officer & Policy, and Guy Rosen, the Vice President of Integrity. Many positions have been created to serve the employee’s and consumers’ betterment, which is why positions such as; Chief Privacy Officer and Vice President of Integrity were developed to help the consumers better and protect Facebook's integrity.

Individualism

Over the years, Facebook has done its best to maintain profits while also being a social networking application and website. They have been able to make a profit through promotional ad campaigns and creating their advertising programs. This is all within the law as many different companies and people do digital advertising. With the usage of the Facebook platform, it is extraordinary the number of people another business can reach with Facebook Ad campaigns. However, there are many rules in place for someone to run an ad campaign on Facebook. Especially regarding the data and privacy policies. It’s simple if all the rules are not followed, then the ad will not be approved. This is one of the few ways Facebook makes money besides investors and stockholders in the company. Since Facebook is a free application to use, they had to broaden how they could generate revenues. The primary way besides some stockholders is the money they have in their Ad generation, which they are very strict with approving ads there is always a set amount of policies you have to adhere to and follow.

Utilitarianism 

When it comes to Utilitarianism and Facebook, not everyone will be happy with what others post online. Which frankly is the beauty of freedom of speech. However, this truly isn’t something Facebook can control unless it goes against their regulations and the effects that it has on the community guidelines. The main goal of utilitarianism is to maximize happiness in yourself (Facebook) and in others – do so impartially. Facebook has cracked down on the misinformation and false information being posted, which increased its position. Therefore the employees are taken care of, which doesn't directly affect them unless they are users of the application, but then again, they understand the restraint Facebook is going through. When it comes to Facebook users, Facebook has put out apologies and responses to past issues and how they are working to improve them. Such as the references above with how they planned to work on false information posts and election information. 

Kantianism 

Kantianism states that all rational decisions need to be ethical, and everyone should be treated rationally. In addition, when introducing the Formula of Humanity, which is to treat people as an end in themselves and not merely as a mere means. You should treat people as valuable and worthy of respect. Besides, you should never do things that inhibit people’s rationality, affecting their decision without them knowing. While with the news of misinformation back in 2016, individuals were affected by their data being shared, and that is not to be ignored; however, what needs to be noted is the clear and recent transparency of Facebook. Even back in 2016, they displayed all of their privacy policies and data on their website. In the past four years since then, they have made it even more evident on their website and posted several articles and messages from some of its higher-ranking officials. They have also taken action to protect the false information that users could be seeing, along with marketing information that pertains to the elections to make sure their users have full transparency. 

Virtue Theory 

Virtue theory is based on the four cardinal virtues; courage, honesty, temperance, and justice. While Facebook has genuinely displayed the courage to right their wrongdoings and to set the record straight on all accounts, they also continue to bounce back and right the wrongs which were unforeseen. When it comes to the virtue of honesty; to some, Facebook indeed might not have been honest at all points in time, while they have genuinely been entirely unaware or not of privacy issues before they were brought to the light; they did admit to being in the wrong, and they did make corrections from past mistakes. When it comes to temperance, Facebook has been quite patient and realistic when setting up privacy policies and verifying misinformation and false information. They have admitted that there is no playbook for what they are doing; they are listening to the users of the applications and making improvements as they continue. I believe that Facebook does display a majority of these virtues with a possible half and a half on the honesty virtue. We will never honestly know if Facebook knew it was an issue and left it unresolved or if they were unaware and the public brought it into their eyes. However, the social media giant understands the matters presented to the public and wants to fix them. 

Justified Ethics Evaluation 

In my personal opinion, I genuinely believe that Facebook was not in the wrong. Yes, I can fully admit that I think Facebook did some things that seemed somewhat strange or inappropriate. However, I believe that Facebook has done everything in its power to restore the structure of its privacy policies, protect people from misinformation, and to rectify the majority of the false information that has been posted. There is not a manual for the internet, social networking, or social media. How are individuals supposed to react to the ever-evolving world of the internet, let alone the companies operating within that space? Privacy issues happen every day in every company; hackers and other things are known for these issues. This is why when Facebook stepped back and rethought how to restructure things back in 2016, they did it to plan for involvement in the future. They brought on new positions, created a whole new development team, and created the Elections Operations Center specifically regarding the United States Election. They developed ways to identify false information through Facebook to warn the users about the inaccurate information. When it came to the election, they set up a whole system in the backend; that fact-checked information posted a warning on posts about the election. Overall I believe that to a majority over defaults that Facebook follows the ethical theories in play. 

Company Action Plan 

        The current issue with Facebook is the abnormalities of the world we are currently living in today. Twenty years ago, individuals wouldn’t have been worrying about the false information being posted or misinformation about an election. However, with the current world we live in, this has become a problematic pressing issue. Social media, in itself, is still a new dynamic with continually changing attributes. This is a first-generation problem for the companies in this dynamic, and one that no one has the answers to without trial and error. While it is frustrating that for false information to be remedied, it has to happen first, they eventually will, and it is a step in the right direction. Especially in Facebook’s realm, many other social media companies have not taken the initiative they have. While in the belief that Facebook has created the right building stones to continue protecting people's privacy while also saving them from false information. I do believe a few more steps can be taken. Such as surveying Facebook users to see if they are currently liking how misinformation is being addressed in the application. They are adding in additional staff to monitor the postings on the application. Besides, I believe holding an open forum or doing a live virtual event where users can ask questions and bring things to Facebook's attention, instead of the issues just building up without Facebook knowing. I believe a new way to uphold some of the proposed amendments would be for there to be a changed mission statement. One would be; To provide people with the power and individualism to come together on a platform to communicate with their friends, family and make connections. While also protecting privacy and protecting people from false information and misinformation sometimes put out into the world. Facebook would further expand its newly developed Elections Operations Center and develop newer operations and a new department for when false information is identified; they can promote how they diffused the issue. I believe they should also create an updated chart of a monitoring system, where Facebook users can see how many posts and organizations have been identified in releasing false information. As said before, I believe that they should start a program to hear out the users and acknowledge their problems, which would help Facebook understand and rectify some things that they may be missing. This would not only establish a greater strength with individuals' trust in Facebook, but it would also show them that on top of all the things Facebook does to protect its users. Facebook is willing to go one step further in ensuring everyone's happiness, trust, transparency, and ease of use when using Facebook.

References

Clement, J. “Facebook Users in U.S.” Statista, 19 Oct. 2020, www.statista.com/statistics/408971/number-of-us-facebook-users/. 

“FTC Imposes $5 Billion Penalty and Sweeping New Privacy Restrictions on Facebook.” Federal Trade Commission, 28 Apr. 2020,  www.ftc.gov/news-events/press-releases/2019/07/ftc-imposes-5-billion-penalty-sweeping-new-privacy-restrictions.  

Fung, Brian. “Facebook Can't Catch Misinformation It's Already Identified as False, Activist Group Says.” CNN, Cable News Network, 9 Oct. 2020, www.cnn.com/2020/10/09/tech/facebook-misinformation-loophole-avaaz/index.html. 

Rosen, Guy. “Preparing for Election Day.” About Facebook, 8 Oct. 2020, about.fb.com/news/2020/10/preparing-for-election-day/. 

Rosen, Guy, et al. Helping to Protect the 2020 US Elections, 21 Oct. 2019, about.fb.com/news/2019/10/update-on-election-integrity-efforts/.

Written By: MaryKate Caron